This trend, if not inverted, casts some doubts on the economic sustainability of the ambitious environmental targets set by the EC. First, at the global level, the pace of generation of new green technologies as measured by patent data is slowing down in recent years. Based on our analysis, two of our main results deserve attention. In this paper, we present a novel approach based on the analysis of patent data related to climate change and mitigation technologies (CCMTs) with the aim of describing the evolutionary pattern of the EU in green technology.
The European Union (EU) is leading the negotiation process under the Paris Agreement and recently approved an ambitious unilateral mitigation strategy known as the European Green Deal (EGD). The rapid decarbonization of the global economy represents the main challenge for the next decades to combat climate change. Moreover, the results clearly showed the selection of the material for the well, in order to prevent corrosion in aggressive environments. The results of the research allowed an answer to be provided for the question of what influence temperature, gas components, and pressure have on the corrosion of the well construction material. The duration of the studies was 720 h (within a month). The tests are carried out at temperatures of 65–95 ☌, under a pressure of 7.5 MPa, so in quite aggressive conditions. Therefore, the aim of the work was to conduct research on the influence of water condensation, as a result of temperature changes in gasses containing CO 2 and H 2S on the corrosion of L80-1 steel at the junction of extraction pipes with casing pipes. Condensed water in contact with the acid components of the gas causes corrosion, especially in the presence of aggressive gases, such as CO 2 and H 2S.
Water in the reservoir is often in the form of steam, with a pressure of about 25 MPa as a result of its extraction, it cools down, which causes condensation. Corrosion at higher temperatures is an important aspect when extracting natural gas from a field with high temperatures (120 ☌ in the Lubiatow deposit and 180 ☌ in the gas well in Kutno). Corrosion in the oil and gas industry is very common due to the simultaneous action of a chemically active environment, temperature, and other non-chemical factors, for example, mechanical erosion by friction, and for these reasons corrosion is a very complex process.
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